The early supply chains of the 20th century relied heavily on manual, paper-based processes.

By the 1990s, the introduction of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, barcoding and electronic data interchange (EDI) marked the first wave of automation. In the 2010s, digital transformation accelerated with the rise of cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT) and real-time analytics.

Today, supply chains are entering an era defined by artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, robotics and advanced data analytics, the technologies that enable smart, sustainable and adaptive operations capable of responding to global disruptions, regulatory pressures and shifting consumer expectations.

Core supply chain technologies

Cloud-based platforms

Cloud computing enables real-time collaboration and data sharing across global supply networks where platforms provide integrated visibility of inventory, orders and transportation while reducing costs associated with infrastructure and maintenance.

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT devices such as sensors, trackers and smart tags connect physical assets and collect live operational data. This enables better asset tracking, predictive maintenance and environmental monitoring, improving both efficiency and sustainability.

AI and machine learning 

AI and ML enhance decision-making by analysing large volumes of data to forecast demand, optimise routes and automate warehouse operations. They also support predictive risk management, helping businesses anticipate and mitigate disruptions.

Automation and robotics

Robotics and automation technologies streamline repetitive tasks in warehouses and manufacturing environments. Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), robotic picking systems and drones are transforming material handling and last-mile delivery.

Digital twins

Digital twins are virtual representations of supply chain networks that simulate real-world performance. They allow organisations to test scenarios, model risks and optimise operations for cost, speed and environmental impact before changes are made in the real world.